Nutrient intake based on the 4-Day Food Diary according to alcohol consumption.

*<p>unadjusted means ± standard deviation.</p>**<p>beta coefficient adjusted with age, occupation, marital status, smoking, body mass index and leisure time physical activity.</p

Daily food intake based on the 4-Day Food Dairy according to alcohol consumption.

*<p>unadjusted means ± standard deviation.</p>**<p>beta coefficient adjusted with age, occupation, marital status, smoking, body mass index and leisure time physical activity.</p

Baseline characteristics of participants according to alcoholic consumption.

<p>Abbreviations: BP = Blood pressure; S-LDL-Chol = Serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol; S-HDL-Chol = Serum High density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>*<p>Calculated using Pearson’s chi-square test for categorical and ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables. Data expressed as the mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated.</p

Baseline characteristics of the men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) study.

<p>Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; CCA-IMT = intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery wall; CHD = coronary heart disease; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; hs-CRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; SBP = systolic blood pressure.</p>a<p>Values are given mean (SD) and percentages.</p>b<p>p for differences between smokers and non-smokers (one-way ANOVA).</p>c<p>Pack-year denote the lifelong exposure to smoking, estimated as the product of years smoked and the number of tobacco products smoked daily at the time of examination.</p

Change in IMT_max (mm) (95% Cl) over 7-years by tertiles of serum carotenoid concentrations, the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) study.

a<p>Adjusted p-value from covariance analysis.</p>b<p>Adjusted for age, examination year, ultrasound sonographer and mean of IMT_max.</p>c<p>Adjusted for Model 1 + BMI, SBP, smoking, physical activity, serum LDL-c, family CHD history and drug for hypertension.</p>d<p>Adjusted for Model 2+hs-CRP.</p><p>Abbreviations as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0064107#pone-0064107-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Serum carotenoid tertiles by 7-year IMT_max change (adjusted for age, examination year, ultrasound sonographer, BMI, SBP, IMT_max, smoking, serum LDL cholesterol, physical activity, CHD in family, antihypertensive medication and serum hs-CRP.

<p>Probability values are for trend. Carotenoid tertiles (µmol/L): lycopene: ≤0.09, 0.10–0.19, ≥0.20; α-carotene: ≤0.07, 0.08–0.11, ≥0.12; β-carotene: ≤0.26, 0.27–0.41, ≥0.42.</p

Spearman's correlation coefficients among serum levels of carotenoids and atherosclerosis risk factors at baseline: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) study.

*<p>p<0.05.</p><p>Abbreviations as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0064107#pone-0064107-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Change in IMT_mean (mm) (95% Cl) over 7-years by tertiles of serum carotenoid concentrations, the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) study.

a<p>Adjusted p-value from covariance analysis.</p>b<p>Adjusted for age, examination year, ultrasound sonographer and mean of IMT_mean.</p>c<p>Adjusted for Model 1+BMI, SBP, smoking, physical activity, serum LDL cholesterol, family CHD history and drug for hypertension.</p>d<p>Adjusted for Model 2+hs-CRP (Model 3).</p><p>Abbreviations as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0064107#pone-0064107-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Serum carotenoid tertiles by 7-year IMT_mean change (adjusted for age, examination year, ultrasound sonographer, BMI, SBP, IMT_mean, smoking, serum LDL cholesterol, physical activity, CHD in family, antihypertensive medication and serum hs-CRP.

<p>Probability values are for trend. Carotenoid tertiles (µmol/L): lycopene: ≤0.09, 0.10–0.19, ≥0.20; α-carotene: ≤0.07, 0.08–0.11, ≥0.12; β-carotene: ≤0.26, 0.27–0.41, ≥0.42.</p

Inflammation, sauna bathing, and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Finnish men: a cohort study

Inflammation and sauna bathing are each related to the risk of all-cause mortality. The interplay between inflammation, sauna bathing and all-cause mortality is not well understood. We aimed to evaluate the separate and joint associations of inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein, hsCRP) and frequency of sauna bathing (FSB) with all-cause mortality in a cohort of Caucasian men. We used the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Study cohort comprising 2575 men aged 42–61 years at baseline. Serum hsCRP was measured using an immunometric assay and sauna bathing habits were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. High sensitivity CRP was categorized as normal and high (≤ 3 and > 3 mg/L, respectively) and FSB as low and high (defined as ≤ 2 and 3–7 sessions/week respectively). A total of 1618 deaths occurred during a median follow-up of 27.8 years. Comparing high vs normal hsCRP levels, the multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for all-cause mortality was 1.27 (1.13–1.44). Comparing high vs low FSB, the multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for all-cause mortality was 0.86 (0.76–0.97). Compared with normal hsCRP-low FSB, high hsCRP-low FSB was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality 1.28 (1.12–1.47), with no evidence of an association for high hsCRP-high FSB and all-cause mortality risk 1.06 (0.81–1.40). Positive additive and multiplicative interactions were found between hsCRP and FSB in relation to mortality. In a general Finnish male population, both hsCRP and FSB are each independently associated with all-cause mortality. However, frequent sauna baths appear to offset the increased all-cause mortality risk related to high hsCRP levels